Polity & governance

The Supreme Court introduced the 'Creamy Layer' concept in the landmark Indra Sawhney case (1992) to exclude wealthy individuals of OBCs from reservation benefits. While the Mandal Commission recommended OBC reservations, it did not formulate this specific exclusion criteria. Bommai dealt primarily with Article 356 and federalism.

Directive Principles of State Policy are included in Part IV of the Indian Constitution.. Part IV of the Indian Constitution contains the Directive Principles of State Policy, which guide the government in framing laws and policies.

The 42nd Amendment added the words 'Socialist', 'Secular', and 'Integrity' to the Preamble. A diagram for this topic isn't available yet — the worked example below walks the same reasoning step by step.

• !Some candidates may confuse the 44th Amendment with the 42nd Amendment, as the 44th Amendment also occurred during the emergency era but primarily aimed to reverse other changes rather than modifying the Preamble.
• !Candidates often mistakenly pick Article 12 or Article 21, confusing the definition of the State or the right to life with the specific guarantee of equality.
• !Some people mistakenly identify Part III with the Directive Principles of State Policy due to its focus on Fundamental Rights. However, this part only contains non-justiciable rights.
• !Part III is incorrect because it deals with justiciable Fundamental Rights, while Part IVA was added later to list the Fundamental Duties of citizens.

Answer each from memory — you'll see instantly whether you're right and why.

Run a focused 10-question mini-mock on Polity & governance and see it stick.