Verbal Reasoning

The statement tells us every student who finished the course passed, but it also says some students did not finish, leaving their exam outcomes unknown; therefore we can only assert that some students might not have passed, which matches answer B. Assuming all students passed (option A) ignores the possibility that non‑completers failed, so it is not supported.

The argument that smoking causes lung cancer solely because the two variables correlate is invalid, as correlation alone cannot establish a causal link without ruling out confounding factors, making answer B correct. Answer A mistakenly treats correlation as proof of causation, which is the classic logical error the question is highlighting.

The statement tells us every student who finished the course passed, but it also says some students did not finish, leaving their exam outcomes unknown; therefore we can only assert that some students might not have p... A diagram for this topic isn't available yet — the worked example below walks the same reasoning step by step.

• !Option A is incorrect because spending equal time per question can cause you to run out of time on easier, high-yield questions later in the section.

Answer each from memory — you'll see instantly whether you're right and why.

Run a focused 10-question mini-mock on Verbal Reasoning and see it stick.