Constitutional law

The Supreme Court of India established the doctrine of basic structure in the landmark Kesavananda Bharati case in 1973 to limit Parliament's power to amend the Constitution. Golak Nath is incorrect because it held that fundamental rights could not be amended at all, a position later modified by Kesavananda Bharati.

Article 21 of the Indian Constitution explicitly guarantees the protection of life and personal liberty, stating that no person shall be deprived of these except according to procedure established by law. Option A is incorrect because the right to equality is protected under Articles 14 to 18, not Article 21.

Part III of the Indian Constitution contains Articles 12 to 35, which guarantee fundamental rights to citizens. A diagram for this topic isn't available yet — the worked example below walks the same reasoning step by step.

• !Option A is incorrect because the right to equality is protected under Articles 14 to 18, not Article 21.
• !Golak Nath is incorrect because it held that fundamental rights could not be amended at all, a position later modified by Kesavananda Bharati.

Answer each from memory — you'll see instantly whether you're right and why.

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