Energy transfers & responses

A reflex arc conducts an impulse from a sensory neuron to the spinal cord and then to a motor neuron, producing a rapid, involuntary response that does not involve the conscious brain, which is why answer B is correct. Sensory neurons are essential components of the pathway, so answer A is incorrect; the arc does not bypass them.

ATP hydrolysis cleaves the terminal phosphate bond, producing ADP, an inorganic phosphate (Pi) and releasing usable energy for cellular work. Option B is incorrect because ATP does not break into AMP and two Pi in a single step, and options C and D describe different nucleotides, not the products of ATP hydrolysis.

The light‑dependent reactions of photosynthesis occur in the thylakoid membranes of chloroplasts, where photosystems I and II capture photons and drive electron transport to generate ATP and NADPH. A diagram for this topic isn't available yet — the worked example below walks the same reasoning step by step.

• !Option A is wrong because the stroma hosts the light‑independent Calvin cycle, not the photochemical processes.
• !Option B is incorrect because ATP does not break into AMP and two Pi in a single step, and options C and D describe different nucleotides, not the products of ATP hydrolysis.
• !Sensory neurons are essential components of the pathway, so answer A is incorrect; the arc does not bypass them.

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